Soil respiration on reclaimed coal-mine spoil

Summary Measurements of soil respiration were made at a number of soil-covered reclaimed coal-mine spoil sites. Many chemical and physical soil factors likely to affect the respiration were also measured. A combination of principal component, cluster, and multiple regression analyses was used to indicate the important factors. These were found to be water-holding capacity and organic matter content. In some cases soil pH was also a controlling factor.     

Influence of soil properties on the vertical movement of genetically-marked Pseudomonas fluorescens through large soil microcosms

Summary Vertical translocation of the introduced transposon Tn5-tagged Pseudomonas fluorescens cells was studies after irrigation of 50-cm long soil columns of loamy sand. The soil in the columns was slowly brought to saturation using groundwater, and enough water was then slowly added to permit collection of the percolated water. Introduced bacteria were transported to lower soil layers to a significantly higher degree in undisturbed soil cores than in repacked cores; water transport was hampered in both core types due to high soil bulk densities. Soil bulk density affected the degree of transport of the introduced cells; progressively more cells were translocated to deeper soil layers and into the percolation water at decreasing soil bulk densities. Repeated percolation of soil at a bulk density of 1.25 caused an increase in Tn5-tagged cell numbers in the lower soil layers and in the percolated water. Further, cells initially introduced into a dry (5.3% moisture) soil were translocated to a lesser extent than cells introduced into a wetter (13% moisture) soil. Finally, wheat roots enhanced the water-induced transport of introduced cells to the 40- and 50-cm deep soil layers and into the effluent, but not to the remaining soil layers. Large soil columns such as those used in the present study are useful in assessing the transport and survival of introduced bacterial cells in soils under a variety of simulated environmental conditions.     

Influence of the water regime on denitrification and aerobic respiration in soil

Summary The influence of soil moisture on denitrification and aerobic respiration was studied in a mull rendzina soil. N₂O formation did not occur below –30 kPa matric water potential (_m), above 0.28 air-filled porosity (a) and below 0.55 fractional water saturation (_v/PV volumetric water content/total pore volume). Half maximum rates of N₂O production and O₂ consumption were obtained between _m = –1.2 and –12 kPa,a = 0.05 and 0.23, and _v/PV = 0.63 and 0.92. No oxygen consumption was measured at _v/PC 1.17. O₂ uptake and denitrification occurred simultaneously arounda = 0.10 (at _m = –10 kPa and _v/PV = 0.81) at mean rates of 3.5 µl O₂ and 0.3 µl N₂ h^–1g^–1 soil. Undisturbed, field-moist soil saturated with nitrate solution showed constant consumption and production rates, respectively, of 0.6 µl O and 0.22 µl N₂O h^–1g^–1 soil, whereas the rates of air-dried remoistened soil were at least 10 times these values. The highest rates obtained in remoistened soil amended with glucose and nitrate were 130 µl O₂ and 27 µl N₂O h^–1g^–1 soil.     

Does forest type and vegetation patchiness influence horizontal distribution of soil Collembola in two neighbouring forest sites?

The influence of forest type and heterogeneity of understory vegetation on the horizontal distribution of soil living Collembola was studied in two neighbouring mountain forest sites—a 180-year old beech forest and a 70-year old natural spruce forest. Four homogenous patches with different understory vegetation were chosen within each forest site and sampled 12 times between 1997 and 1998. A total of 56 collembolan species were identified, 51 in the beech forest and 48 in the spruce site. Twenty-three species were rare—they were recorded with low constancy and density. Although both forest sites differed in soil type, humus form and soil chemical parameters, the species composition of their collembolan communities was quite similar (77% shared species). Nevertheless, soil collembolan communities of both forest sites were clearly delimited on both qualitative (presence–absence) and quantitative (in density of individual species) levels as well as in terms of total collembolan density. Mean collembolan density reached 26 650–44 030 ind/m² in the beech patches compared to 44 470–68 050 ind/m² found in the spruce patches. Considerably higher densities of several species in one forest site may indicate more suitable habitat. In spite of similar species composition and minor differences in qualitative parameters among different vegetation patches within one forest site, there was clear variation in density of individual species, particularly between patches with and without herb vegetation. This could reflect different microclimatic conditions, additional litter supply from herbs or indirect interactions of Collembola with their roots.     

精准农业土壤采样密度研究——以上海精准农业试验示范基地为例

通过土壤密集采样识别农田土壤物理生化性状的空间差异,构建土壤与农作物产量关系模型,用间接方法提高土壤性状信息的分辨率并定量评价这些信息的可靠性非常必要。在评价多种插值方法的基础上,对中国科学院上海精准农业示范基地每公顷3个样本、等距离系统抽样的280个土壤有机质样本采用克立格方法进行插值,估算样本之间土壤有机质含量和分析估算的可靠性,并与距离倒数函数插值法进行对比。对几个减少样本数量的方案进行分析,提出在满足精准水稻种植管理分区要求前提下可减少1/2原有土壤采样样本,并给出适于水稻精准种植土壤采样设计的逐步优化方法。     

红壤区不同生态模式的“土壤水库”特征及其防洪减灾效能

本文在江西红壤区选择 5种具有代表性的红壤生态利用模式 :稀疏林生态 (Ⅰ )、林草生态(Ⅱ )、草灌生态 (Ⅲ )、经果生态 (Ⅳ )、农田生态 (Ⅴ )和对照模式侵蚀裸地 (Ⅵ ) ,利用人工模拟降雨仪研究和分析了不同生态模式“土壤水库”调节雨水的特征及其防洪减灾效能。结果表明 ,红壤区土壤入水通道受阻是“土壤水库”发挥防洪减灾效能的主要障碍因子 ;人工草灌生态模式 (Ⅲ )的防洪减灾效能最好 ;经果生态模式 (Ⅳ )不但具有较高的防洪减沙效能 ,而且具有较高的经济效益 ,是该区首选模式。     

阿特拉津在饱和砂质壤土中非平衡运移的模拟

针对农药阿特拉津在稳定流场饱和砂质壤土中的运移 ,根据平衡与非平衡假设条件下对流—弥散方程数学模型的解析解 ,基于易混合置换实验获得的阿特拉津和示踪溶质Br- 的穿透曲线及批量平衡法求得的阻滞因子 ,应用CXTFIT 2 0软件 ,通过拟合土柱实验中溶质的出流浓度变化 ,估算了模型的有关参数 ,在此基础上模拟分析了实验土柱不同埋深处阿特拉津的出流浓度和累积淋溶量动态 ,结果表明 ,化学非平衡的两点模型对本文实验条件下阿特拉津运移的仿真具有较高的精度     

Developing weed-suppressive soils through improved soil quality management

Manipulating soil microbial communities using soil and crop management practices is a basic strategy in developing sustainable agricultural systems. Sustainable farming is based, in part, on the efficient management of soil microorganisms to improve soil quality. However, the identification of biological indicators of soil quality that can be used to predict weed suppression in soils has received little attention. We investigated differences in soil microbial activity among various crop and soil management systems to assess: (i) the microbiological characteristics of these soils; (ii) determine whether any relationships existed that might be used in the development of weed suppression. Soil enzyme activity, water-stable aggregates, and the proportions of weed-suppressive bacteria were compared among seven cropping systems and one native-prairie ecosystem in mid-Missouri, USA. Assays of soil enzymes (fluorescein diacetate hydrolase, dehydrogenase, phosphatase) revealed that organic and integrated cropping systems, and the native-prairie ecosystem had the highest levels of soil activity. Weed rhizospheres from these same ecosystems also had greater proportions of bacterial isolates characterized as “growth suppressive” to green foxtail (Setaria viridis [L.] Beauv.) and field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.): 15 and 10%, respectively. The proportion of water-stable soil aggregates was the greatest in soils with the highest organic matter and was found to be related to higher enzyme and weed-suppressive activity. Selected biological indicators of soil quality were associated with potential weed-suppressive activity in soil when that soil was managed for high organic matter content under reduced tillage systems. This research study provides further evidence that soil quality and sustainable agricultural practices may be linked to integrated weed management systems for the biological suppression of weeds.     

转基因棉花对土壤生态环境的影响

总结了转基因棉花在生态安全性方面的研究进展,重点介绍了转基因棉花对土壤生态环境的影响,包括：外源基因表达产物在土壤中的富集;外源基因表达产物对土壤生物的影响：外源基因在土壤生态系统中的水平转移。认为目前对转基因棉花的土壤生态学过程的研究较少,尚难以确定转基因棉花对土壤生态环境的影响程度。并由此介绍了Biolog系统和DNA指纹技术在土壤生态安全性研究中的应用。     

防病促生枯萎病拮抗菌“98-Ⅰ”对4种枯萎病防治效果研究

经 8年系统试验研究从 330个细菌菌株中筛选出 1株防病促生枯萎病拮抗菌“98 Ⅰ” ,经鉴定属蜡质芽孢杆菌。该菌对黄瓜枯萎病、西瓜枯萎病、青椒枯萎病和番茄枯萎病 4种土传病害均有显著防治效果 ,其平皿孢子萌发抑制率分别为 79 2 %、75 1%、72 3%和 95 7% ,且该菌对多种蔬菜有促生和促进种子发芽功效。